Geologists and geophysicists study the earth.
Geologists study the history of the earth. They look at how rocks were formed and how they have changed since they were created.
Geophysicists use physics to study the earth’s surface and interior. In addition, they study forces that affect the earth, such as magnetism and gravity.
Geologists and geophysicists are sometimes called earth scientists and geoscientists. Other geoscientists include:
- Engineering geologists provide advice on ways to reduce environmental impacts of major projects
- Geochemists study the chemical elements in the earth and water
- Volcanologists study volcanoes to predict eruptions
- Petroleum geologists find ways to drill for fossil fuels
- Seismologists study earthquakes
Geologists and geophysicists conduct research to find ways to:
- Predict atmospheric conditions or earthquakes
- Increase oil production or find minerals needed for national defense
- Locate nuclear power plants and storage sites for carbon or nuclear waste
- Locate sources of heat in the earth that can be used to make electricity
- Understand how dust from mining or minerals in ground water affects human health
Geologists and geophysicists share many tasks. They gather and analyze information. They use aerial photographs to see what an area looks like and what it contains.
They use machines to measure physical aspects of the earth, such as temperature and earthquake activity. They may use tools to take samples from rocks and ice sheets. They study the samples for data on climate conditions. They compare this data with current climate data to understand changes in climate.
In the lab, geologists analyze the makeup of rocks. Some geophysicists use computers to create models of what they are studying. For example, they may study how water flows through different layers of rock. On the computer, they can vary the type of rock, the amount of water, and other relevant factors. This information helps them understand how pollution affects ground water.
They often prepare maps, charts, and diagrams to show their data and explain the results. In addition, they write reports or give presentations about their findings. Some geologists and geophysicists teach at the college or university level.